學術譯著總體要求譯文內(nèi)容、體例忠實于原文。直譯和意譯都可以，今天醫(yī)學翻譯公司給大家總結了一些學術翻譯常遇到的問題，希望對大家有幫助，下面一起來看看吧。

　　Academic translation generally requires that the content and style of the translation be faithful to the original text. Both literal translation and free translation can be used. Today, the Medical Translation Company summarizes some common problems encountered in academic translation, hoping to be helpful to you. Let's take a look at them.

　　1、術語翻譯

　　1. Terminology translation

　　專業(yè)術語翻譯須準確無誤，并盡量采用國內(nèi)通用譯法。

　　The translation of professional terms should be accurate and adopt the domestic common translation methods as far as possible.

　　2、人名、地名等專有名詞的處理

　　2. Processing of proper nouns such as names of persons and places

　　學術作品與一般文學作品不同，專有名詞應按一定規(guī)范予以統(tǒng)一，以便于學術傳播和交流。

　　Academic works are different from general literary works, and proper nouns should be unified according to certain norms in order to facilitate academic dissemination and exchange.

　　在處理人名翻譯時，目前一般使用新華社譯名資料組編、商務印書館出版的姓名譯名手冊，如《英語姓名譯名手冊》《德語姓名譯名手冊》《法語姓名譯名手冊》。有些人名如果已有公認的通用譯名，雖不規(guī)范，也使用該通用譯名。如AdamSmith譯為“亞當·斯密”，而不譯為“亞當·史密斯”。

　　In dealing with the translation of names, the name translation manuals published by Xinhua News Agency and Commercial Press, such as English Name Translation Manual, German Name Translation Manual and French Name Translation Manual, are commonly used. Some names, if they have been recognized as generic translations, are not standardized, but they are also used as generic translations. For example, Adam Smith is translated as "Adam Smith" instead of "Adam Smith".

　　地名則以商務印書館、中國地圖出版社出版的《外國地名譯名手冊》為準，或者以中國地圖出版社最新出版的地圖或最新版《辭?！窞闇省Ａ硗?，一些公司名、機構名應用國內(nèi)的通用譯名，如“IBM公司”不宜譯作“國際商用機器公司”。

　　Place names shall be based on the Handbook of Translating Foreign Place Names published by the Commercial Press and the China Map Publishing House, or on the latest map published by the China Map Publishing House or the latest edition of Cihai. In addition, some company names and organization names should be translated into common domestic names, such as "IBM Company" should not be translated into "International Commercial Machinery Company".

　　特別提醒譯者注意3點：

　　In particular, translators are reminded of three points:

　?、僬闹械淖g名原則上都應譯出，如譯名手冊無統(tǒng)一譯名，可以與編輯商量后統(tǒng)一譯法。

　　In principle, all translations in the text should be translated. If there is no uniform translation in the translation manual, the translation method can be unified after consultation with the editor.

　?、谔厥馇闆r下，如致謝內(nèi)容中出現(xiàn)大量人名，或者正文中有太過冷僻的譯名，與責編商量后可保留原文。

　　(2) Under special circumstances, if a large number of names appear in the content of thanks, or there are too remote translations in the text, the original text can be retained after consultation with the editor-in-charge.

　?、圩g名使用要一致。在譯名第一次出現(xiàn)時，最好在其后標注原文，并將該譯名記錄下來，以后再出現(xiàn)時使用統(tǒng)一的譯名，不必再注外文。

　　(3) The use of translated names should be consistent. When a translated name appears for the first time, it is better to mark the original text and record the translated name. When it appears again, it is better to use a unified translated name instead of a foreign language.

　　3、標點符號的用法

　　3. The Use of Punctuation Symbols

　　標點符號應根據(jù)中文翻譯句式和語法作調(diào)整，不必完全拘泥于原文。如很多法學著作，作者為嚴謹起見喜用長句，中文翻譯切不可完全照搬，一逗到底。標點書寫格式一律按照中文格式。若出現(xiàn)中外文混雜的句子，可以根據(jù)具體情況選擇標點。

　　Punctuation marks should be adjusted according to the sentence pattern and grammar of Chinese translation, without being strictly adhered to the original text. For example, in many legal works, the author likes to use long sentences for the sake of rigorousness. Chinese translation should not be completely copied. The punctuation writing format shall be in accordance with the Chinese format. If there are mixed sentences in Chinese and foreign languages, punctuation can be selected according to the specific situation.

　　4、圖表的處理

　　4. Chart Processing

　　圖表中的文字內(nèi)容一定要完整譯出，畫面或照片中的特定外文可以不譯出。需要提醒譯者注意：圖表下的出處說明文字，處理方法同注釋及參考文獻。較復雜的圖表，可以與編輯協(xié)商由出版社制作，譯者譯出圖表中的文字即可。

　　The text content in the chart must be translated completely, and the specific foreign language in the picture or photograph can not be translated. Translators should be reminded that the source instructions under the chart, together with annotations and references, should be processed. Complicated charts can be produced by the publishing house in consultation with the editor, and the translator can translate the text in the charts.

　　5、世紀和年代的用法

　　5. Century and Age

　　建議使用阿拉伯數(shù)字表示具體的世紀和年代，如20世紀80年代，不推薦使用“1980年代”。對于年代模糊的說法，正確的用法是：二十世紀六七十年代。錯誤用法：20世紀六七十年代或20世紀60、70年代。

　　It is suggested that the use of Arabic numerals to represent specific centuries and years, such as the 1980s, should not be recommended. The correct usage of age ambiguity is the 1960s and 1970s. Misuse: 1960s and 1970s or 1960s and 1970s.

　　6、斜體的翻譯方法

　　6. Translation of italics

　　外文著作中常有斜體，表示不同的含義，翻譯處理時應該根據(jù)不同情況予以處理。如果斜體表示強調(diào)，則中文加著重號或者黑體表示;如果斜體屬于整段或整句引用，則中文使用區(qū)別于正文的字體;如果斜體表示書名或文章名，中文加書名號;如果斜體表示案例名，原則上不譯出，如果譯出，中文加雙引號;如果斜體表示拉丁文或者其他不常用的古文字，中文格式、字體均不變，只需在其翻譯后將拉丁文單詞放在括號中(使用斜體)。

　　There are often italics in foreign works, which indicate different meanings. They should be dealt with according to different situations in translation. If italics denote emphasis, Chinese will be highlighted or bold; if italics belong to the whole paragraph or sentence citation, Chinese will use a font different from the text; if italics denote the title of a book or article, Chinese will add the title of a book; if italics denote the name of a case, it will not be translated in principle, if translated, Chinese will be double-quoted; if italics denote Latin or other uncommon ancient texts. Words, Chinese format and font are unchanged, just put Latin words in brackets (italics) after their translation.

　　7、縮寫樣式的表示

　　7. Representation of abbreviation style

　　原文中出現(xiàn)的重要名稱，如果帶有縮寫式，在第一次出現(xiàn)時注明原文全稱，同時附上縮寫式。

　　If there are abbreviations for important names appearing in the original text, indicate the full name of the original text at the first appearance, and attach abbreviations.

　　8、原作引文的處理

　　8. Processing of original citations

　　對于原作中出現(xiàn)的引文，如果出自經(jīng)典著作，且該經(jīng)典著作已有通行中譯本，原則上按已有中譯本譯出，但允許譯者有所修改和合理調(diào)整。引文量較大者，請譯者注明出自何種中譯本。

　　For quotations appearing in the original work, if they come from a classical work and the classical work has been translated into Chinese in general, they should be translated according to the existing Chinese versions in principle, but the translator is allowed to modify and adjust reasonably. For those with large quotations, the translator should indicate which Chinese version they came from.

　　9、冷僻詞的處理

　　9. Disposal of Outstanding Words

　　對于原文一些較為生僻難譯的詞，建議譯者盡量在譯文后括注出原文，以便于讀者理解。

　　For some of the more remote and difficult words in the original text, it is suggested that the translator try to include the original text after the translation so as to facilitate the reader's understanding.

　　10、編碼標注方式

　　10. Coding and annotation

　　這是學術翻譯作品所特有的翻譯規(guī)范，因為學術作品最后往往附有關鍵詞索引或者人名索引，通常這些索引的頁碼并不根據(jù)譯文重新制作，而是保留原書頁碼。

　　This is a unique translation criterion for academic translation works, because academic works often end up with keyword index or person name index, usually the pages of these indexes are not reproduced according to the translation, but retain the pages of the original book.

　　要使這些索引發(fā)揮作用，標注原書頁碼必不可少。標注方式通常是以原書每頁開始第一個單詞為準，在相應中文譯文處標注頁碼。如果譯文順序與原文順序相差較大，也可以選擇最利于讀者檢索到原文頁碼的方式標注。

　　To make these indexes work, it is necessary to mark the page number of the original book. The annotation method is usually based on the first word at the beginning of each page of the original book, and the page number is marked at the corresponding Chinese translation. If the order of translation is different from that of the original text, we can also choose the most convenient way to mark the page number of the original text for readers to retrieve.

中譯國際翻譯（北京）有限公司
China International Translation service Co., Ltd.